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The Bulletin of the Adyghe State University, the series “Region Studies: Philosophy, History, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Political Sciences and Culturology” |
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#4 / 2023HistoryAybazov A.I., Skhalyakho R.A.ON THE EXTRACTION, PROCESSING AND EXPORT OF NATURAL RESOURCES FROM KARACHAY (EARLY 1800s – 1860s)
In the specific conditions of the North Caucasus in the first half of the 19th century, the local population tended to meet their needs for resources such as iron, lead and gunpowder components at their own expense. The establishment of external trade relations was largely underdeveloped during this period. Leading powers intermittently imposed prohibitions and restrictions on the peoples of North Caucasus, limiting the sale of the materials necessary for weapon and gunpowder manufacturing. The evidence at our disposal confirms the fact that the Karachays extracted and processed the above-mentioned resources as without doing so, their own safety and property would have been compromised. Written sources further indicate that the Karachays were skilled in the extraction and processing of iron, which is confirmed by the data of archaeology, folklore and toponymy. The Karachays used iron to make cold weapons and alloy for casting bullets. A number of sources indicate the extraction and processing of lead in Karachay. with the region being sufficiently abundant in this resource, leading to its surplus being traded with neighboring populations. The Karachays, like neighboring peoples, knew how to make gunpowder. Naturally occurring saltpeter, which is quite rare in nature, greatly facilitated its production. Collectively, the available written materials confirm that Karachay served as a vital source of raw materials for the rebellious highlanders during the Caucasian War. In addition, the Karachays engaged in imports during the mentioned period. They purchased essential resources, such as iron, lead, sulfur, and gunpowder, as per their requirements. However, the socio-economic landscape underwent a significant transformation in the latter half of the 19th century. This paper aims to analyze the factors that contributed to the decline and eventual disappearance of trades associated with the extraction and processing of the aforementioned resources.
US «SOFT POWER» POLICY TOWARDS KAZAKHSTAN AND KYRGYZSTAN IN THE 1990S
In the modern world, the use of technologies and methods of “soft power” is acquiring an increasing role and importance in solving complex issues of international life, one of the most important areas of which is the systematic use by the state of its educational potential in the international arena. The purpose of this work is to identify the features of US international educational policy in the context of its use as a component of the American “soft power” strategy in the specific historical space of the countries of Central Asia in the 1990s. The study of the US international educational policy, operating in the paradigm of its “soft power”, is of significant interest for understanding the evolution of the US foreign policy concept in the context of the new geopolitical situation that arose in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the interpretation of new forms, directions, techniques and methods of its implementation in years in question in post-Soviet states. The article analyzes the work of educational institutions and resource centers founded on the territory of the Central Asian states in the 1990s and which are still working today. The conclusion is drawn about the increasing destructive potential of American educational programs introduced into the system of cultural and humanitarian development of the countries of Central Asia.
DOMESTIC POLICY ON THE REHABILITATION OF SOLDIERS AT STATE-OWNED RESORTS IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA (1914)
The article reveals one of the periods in the history of state-owned resorts and their adaptation for wartime needs during the First World War. For the first time, an attempt was made to explore the role of government bodies, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, based on the documents of the interdepartmental Meeting held at the Pyatigorsk resort (from November 29 to December 8, 1914).
This research aims to lay the foundation for understanding the subsequent period associated with the development of projects and mechanisms for managing and financing the establishment of hospital facilities within various departmental affiliations at the All-Russian Congress on the improvement of domestic medical areas (January, 1915).
The work analyzes the transformation of state-owned health resorts in Russia during the initial phase of World War I, examining the shift from a seasonal operational cycle to a year-round model. It explores the expansion of resort capacities and the establishment of additional medical facilities. A previously unexplored aspect of the history of state-owned resorts during this wartime period is elucidated, shedding light on the role of central government bodies in organizing rehabilitation centers to cater to the needs of the sick and wounded.
Of particular scientific interest is the comparative analysis conducted, which examines the specific measures undertaken by the Mining Department to adapt each resort to the needs of war. This comparative approach focuses on two historically significant resorts: The Caucasian Mineral Waters, established in 1803 and situated in the North Caucasus region, and the Lipetsk resort in central Russia, founded in 1717.
The experience of organizing rehabilitation centers at resorts owned by the state by central authorities was used during the Great Patriotic War and other military conflicts and continues to hold enduring importance in the realm of military healthcare management.
FORMS OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK AMONG ADYGHE WOMEN IN 1920-1930S IN ADYGHEA
The article examines the progress of cultural and educational work among Adyghe women in 1920-1930, its forms and methods of work. The October events of 1917 and the subsequent political decisions of the Bolshevik Party provided the basis for global changes in all spheres of public life of the state. Among the various social and political objectives pursued by the party, one notable aspect was the promotion of gender equality, particularly concerning “mountain women”. However, it is important to note that the feminist sentiments associated with this movement were not the sole driving force behind the Bolsheviks' agenda. Instead, their true intention was to actively engage the "liberated" women in the construction of a socialist society. To achieve this objective, it was recognized that urgent educational efforts were needed, primarily due to the prevalent issue of widespread illiteracy among women, which hindered the government's ability to effectively disseminate its propaganda and ideologies. Consequently, the party implemented various forms of cultural and educational initiatives targeting women within national regions. The focus of this article is to characterize the specific circumstances surrounding the cultural and educational initiatives among Adyghe women during the 1920-1930s, while also analyzing the unique challenges encountered during the introduction of female education within the indigenous population of the region. In order to address this research objective, the article uses several scientific research methods, including problem-chronological analysis, narrative analysis, and historical-genetic analysis. The analysis of these sources reveals that the government employed a range of different forms and strategies in their educational work aimed at women, which, when combined, yielded tangible results in terms of improving female literacy and fostering active participation in socialist construction. Despite the fact that certain “taboos” continued to exist in the Adyghe society, the authorities achieved the elimination of illiteracy among women and stimulated their education.
ETHNOREGIONAL COMPONENT IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KARACHAY-CHERKESSIA (LATE 1980S -1990S)
This article explores the institutionalization of the ethnoregional component within the secondary education system of Karachay-Cherkessia during the late 1980s and 1990s, as well as its results and consequences. The study highlights how urbanization, the emergence of a multiethnic environment, and increased interethnic marriages in Karachay-Cherkessia resulted in a decline of native language proficiency and the erosion of the cultural heritage among the mountain youth residing in cities by the mid-1980s. However, the onset of democratic reforms in the latter half of the 1980s provided an opportunity for the peoples of Karachay-Cherkessia to exercise their constitutional right to receive education in their mother tongue. The reflection of these processes was the introduction of an ethnoregional component into the educational process of schools in the region, which allowed students to master their native language, get an idea of the spiritual and material culture of their people, their customs and traditions, literature and history.
The most important role in the stable teaching of the ethnocomponent in schools of Karachay-Cherkessia was played by the regional Institute for teacher training, which provided retraining of teachers, the creation of textbooks and teaching aids. In general, the end of the 1980s–1990s was the period of the highest presence of the ethnoregional component in the secondary education system of Karachay–Cherkessia.
SociologyBEDRIK A.V., VOYTENKO V.P.STRUCTURE AND FACTORS OF FORMATION OF DIASPORA IDENTITIES IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA (CASE-STUDY RESEARCH EXPERIENCE)
The article examines the phenomenon of diaspora identity as a factor in the reproduction of the ethnocultural diversity of Russian society in the macroregion of the South of Russia. The study identifies basic factors in the reproduction of diaspora identities, which include the historical homeland, reasons for migration, prospects for repatriation, and identity politics of diaspora organizations. The phenomenon of diaspora identity is analyzed at several levels: ethnic, regional, historical, religious, civil, linguistic and institutional. The totality and hierarchy of all components of diaspora identity determines the specific status of an ethnic group in the multicultural society of the South of Russia and influences the nature of intercultural communications in the region. The study provides examples of the peculiarities of diaspora identities of several ethnic groups in the South of Russia (Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, Jews, Turks, etc.) It is concluded that diaspora identity as a multi-level sociocultural phenomenon is determined by the processes of intra-diaspora integration and disintegration, the content of migration attitudes and civil identity of diaspora members, and their readiness for intercultural dialogue.
SOCIAL TRUST IN NON-SUBJECTIVE REFERENTS
Despite the social significance of extra-subjective referents in contemporary human life, the concept of trust in such referents remains poorly integrated within sociological discourse. Typically, it is mostly explored within philosophical frameworks and practical contexts related to these types of non-subjective referents. In today's society, there is a lack of consensus regarding the application of the term "trust" in relation to inanimate objects, including extra-subjective referents, as their operation and existence are not directly tied to people and their work.
This study investigates people's trust in extra-subjective referents, such as information systems, artificial intelligence, the technosphere, scientific knowledge, and electronic services (such as banking and government). It examines the subject-oriented concept of social behavior and the extra-subjective approach through the lens of intentional actions undertaken by individuals when establishing trust in non-subjective referents. The hypothesis of an extra-subjective relationship is to deny the intentionality of the subject’s actions and involves the creation of social reality based on ontology and prerequisites that are not related to mental and interpsychic phenomena. Key factors influencing trust in extra-subjective referents include the subject's knowledge, skills, abilities, professional expertise, awareness of the object of trust, and self-trust as a professional or user.
SCIENCE AND ETHICS IN THE CONCEPT OF M. WEBER: ANALYSIS OF CORRELATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
The article deals with the problem of ethics and the significance of science within the conceptual framework developed by Max Weber, the renowned German sociologist. The authors note that Weber`s main works focus on fairly general socio-philosophical problems as a moral and ethical part of science. The study analyzes the position of the scientist on the role of scientific discussion, which plays an important role in relation to ideals and moral norms. According to the scientist, the moral dimension of human life lacks rational justifiability, which emerges as a logical consequence of his conception of reason and scientific knowledge and frees ethics from the dignity of science. It does not allow the extension of the logical discourse inherent in science to facts that are by their nature not precisely predictable and incalculable. The author notes that M. Weber's research is also interesting because it establishes a connection between traditions (religious, national), the way of life of the people and economic relations. The development of a number of ideas of M. Weber in neopositivism and analytical philosophy is shown. It is concluded that Weber's ideas hold significant relevance for contemporary scholars and sociology as a whole.
YOUTH IN DIGITAL SOCIETY
The article examines the digital, information society and its impact on the process of socialization of youth. Acknowledging that modern youth primarily spend a significant portion of their time in the virtual realm, preferring it over real-life experiences, a consequential shift in their life strategies has become apparent. In turn, the digitalization of society has an impact on the development of various forms of deviation among young people, including both positive and negative aspects.
In modern society, young people exhibit various negative forms of behavior, such as alcoholism, crime, drug addiction and suicide. In addition, there are new forms of negative deviation, such as gambling addiction, cyberbullying, hacking and Internet addiction. Notably, the online sphere is progressively evolving into a breeding ground for conflicts rooted in nationality, religion, and political ideologies among the youth. In this regard, the issue of taking preventive measures, as well as effective social control of deviation among young people, becomes relevant.
Factors of networking and digitalization of the information space can also increase the risk of suicidal behavior among young people. Social networks and the Internet provide endless opportunities for communication and information, but they can also become a source of dangerous suicidal influence.
ReviewsKuyok M.G.«Cultural traditions and art education» a collection of scientific works / edi-tors: A. N. Sokolova, M. Sh. Abdulaeva. – Maikop; Makhachkala: ASU, 2023. – Iss. 2. – 130 p.
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