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The Bulletin of the Adyghe State University, the series “Region Studies: Philosophy, History, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Political Sciences and Culturology” |
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#4 / 2022HistoryGizzatov S.M., Oteuov N.N., Nartbayev Sh.Zh.THE ROLE OF KHAN SALKAM DZHANGIR IN THE SETTLEMENT OF KAZAKH-DZUNGARIAN MILITARY CONFLICTS IN THE XVII CENTURY.
Despite a number of studies of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century in the field of Kazakh history, the history of the Dzungarian and Kalmyk khanates of modern times (I.Ya. Zlatkin, V.A. Moiseev, S.A. Edilkhanova, M. Tynyshpaev, K.A. Pishchulina and some others) Kazakh-Kalmyk, Kazakh-Dzungarian relations are still insufficiently studied. This is especially true of the specification and details of the foreign policy pursued by the Kazakh rulers in relation to their territorial neighbors. At least, until the 30s of the 18th century this information is scattered across Russian, Central Asian, Chinese and Kalmyk sources. In this regard, documentary information is presented in them from the appropriate angle of view, representing only indirect information concerning the military, diplomatic facts of these relations. It is not always objective. Moreover, this information even has a narrative content in some way. This state of affairs leads to the fact that in a number of modern works, the historical facts available to the authors are distorted, have unjustified speculation (and not objective interpretation) and even mythologization, which, of course, has nothing to do with true scientific knowledge. At the same time, such factual material is of undoubted scientific and historical value, since it is able to expand and deepen the understanding of complex, contradictory processes in the segment of Central Asian history. The proposed article attempts to fill in the existing gap in the study of the period under consideration and the events accompanying it related to the activities of the Kazakh Khan Dzhangir by means of systematization of documentary material.
FORMATION OF DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS IN KARACHAY AND CHERKESSIA AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THEIR ACTIVITIES IN THE 1920S – THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1930S.
The article is devoted to the formation of regional branches of All-Union voluntary defense organizations engaged in pre-conscription training of young people for military service in the territory of modern Karachay-Cherkessia. The stages of their development are considered, the main directions of activity are traced. The article notes that, despite the creation of regional Councils of voluntary organizations – the Society of Friends of the Air Fleet, the Military Scientific Society and the Society of Friends of Chemical Defense and Industry, their activities were mainly of an agitation and propaganda nature and were mainly limited to the territory of large settlements. Only the unification of all defense societies in January 1927 into a single organization Osoaviakhim contributed to the optimization of defense work in the region. At the same time, the activities of the Osoaviakhim branches mainly depended on the party leadership of the region, as well as the Komsomol organization. By the end of the 1920s, this organization was acting as a leading center for military training of the population. Its financing is significantly increasing, the material and technical base is expanding, and its social importance is growing noticeably.
THE FORMATION OF CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
The article discusses the evolution of the Russian institute of public assistance and charity, which has special features of assistance, legislative regulation of patronage.
The research is based on the main foundations of historical science in the use of various approaches, systems of sources and objective assessments of the development of forms of Russian charity (public charity), which are still relevant for modern Russian society. The authors focus on the problems of registration of charitable activities in Russia before 1917, when there was a transition to the creation of a social security system for needy categories of the population in connection with the registration of a new type of state, the Soviet one. The history of charitable activity can be divided into two main periods. The first is stated from the middle of the 16th century from the legislative definition of aid to 1862. The second period covers the era of state reforms of the second half of the 19th century and continues until the revolutionary changes of 1917. Such a chronological approach is associated with the participation of state institutions in the solution of begging problems, giving alms and the need to regulate charitable activities in the country.
The purpose of the study is to consider the problem of organization of charitable activities in the Russian state during the 18th-19th centuries, the creation of forms and methods of providing assistance to the population.
The practical significance lies in the application of historical practices of providing assistance to needy categories of the population, combining an organized state and public character.
FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF MATERIAL AND FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UPPER KUBAN HIGHLANDERS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY
The article deals with the issues of the formation of material and financial support of local self-government bodies in mountain settlements in the Upper Kuban region (modern Karachay-Cherkess Republic) in the second half of the 19th century. It is noted that during the period of its emergence in the imperial period, this sphere experienced certain difficulties, and employees of rural authorities did not receive material remuneration for their work at all. However, gradually the system of local self-government of the highlanders began to receive organizational formalization: taxes were introduced for the maintenance of the administrative apparatus, fiscal and law enforcement structures were created to ensure the receipt of fees. It is important to mention that a fairly effective and successful system of self-sufficiency of local authorities was gradually developed, which also took into account the social and property gradation of the population, developed institutions for providing assistance to needy members of society, provided rural-level public institutions, etc. The implementation of the principle of self-financing, along with the relatively broad rights of local authorities in terms of regulation of land and other natural resources, property and other civil relations in the assigned territories, suggests that the system of local self-government of the highlanders by the beginning of the 20th century had developed and was effective.
ON THE PROBLEM OF THE SECONDARY SCHOOL REFORM IN RUSSIA IN THE EARLY 20th CENTURY ON THE BASIS OF THE ANALYSIS OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE "JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION"
The article is devoted to understanding the peculiarities of reformation of the educational system of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries and is written on the basis of the publications of the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education, as the leading periodical that published materials on the main events in the educational system of the country. The assessments of changes in the structure of management of the secondary school in Russia during the work of such ministers as N.P. Bogolepov and P.S. Vannovsky, which were controversial, are given. The article made some observations on the practical results of the reform, within which classical gymnasiums and specialized schools were preserved, and funding for educational institutions was increased. The assessment of the influence of the emperor's personal position on the reform process is made. The article also focuses on the disagreements between the authorities and society on the issue of educational reform, which concerned the modernization of pedagogical approaches to learning. In the article all-Russian trends in the development of educational reform are supported by the materials of the Taurida province, which reflected all-Russian trends in the development of education in the specified period. The article allows us to see some regularities in the development of the process of the educational system reform of pre-revolutionary Russia.
SociologyAutlev A.A.DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION
The article deals with the issues of digital transformation of the education system and the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in modern educational institutions. The article analyzes the problems faced by the education system, teachers and students in the course of digital transformation, and ways to solve them. The urgent need to use distance learning technologies in the classroom is studied.
The obtained research data made it possible to understand how difficult it is for teachers to interact with modern technologies integrated into the educational process. In this regard, the turning point in the formation of distance learning was identified by the author and the most popular information environment of the educational process was determined. In the research process the need to create an education management system was recognized, studied the statistics of student surveys and their results. It was found out that some teachers experience difficulties in interacting with the new functionality of integrated communication channels and therefore, it is necessary to ensure the improvement of the mechanisms of their functioning and restructuring in the conditions of distance learning. The current situation and the mood of students following the results of the introduction of distance learning were also investigated. It was determined that it is necessary to introduce ICT into the academic process of educational institutions, as well as to improve and develop academic processes in institutions where the technological "migration" of educational processes that help to conduct classes remotely has already been completed.
INCLUSIVE VOLUNTEERING: CONCEPT, PHENOMENON, PROMISING APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
Currently Russia has accumulated some experience in inclusive volunteering. It requires a comprehensive understanding, the results of which, in its turn, will become a theoretical basis for the implementation of this multifaceted activity at a higher level of goal setting.
The article presents two interpretations of the concept of "inclusive volunteering" according to the main criterion – the subject of activity. However, it is emphasized that at present, “inclusive volunteering” means, first of all, an activity in which, a subject, i.e. the volunteer is directly a disabled person. Two options for the implementation of such activities and its purpose are described: the solution of socially significant problems, among which the rehabilitation of the disabled people and their full integration into social life come first. At the same time, it is noted that such an understanding can be presented in different ways from the standpoint of various scientific approaches.
The main approaches to the study of the phenomenon of inclusive volunteering are outlined: socio-philosophical, structural and functional, sociological, cultural and psychological. From the standpoint of these approaches, both the meaning of inclusive volunteering and its potential are revealed, and in accordance with this, promising directions for its further study are planned.
IDENTITY POLITICS OF A POLYETHNIC REGION: GENERAL AND SPECIAL
The difficult path to the formation of identity politics in a polyethnic society requires the efforts of all ethnic groups living in the same territory. The main goal of such a policy is to create a harmonious public space where each nation can preserve its cultural features, but at the same time interact and cooperate with others. At present, the regional identity politics, which includes a set of measures aimed at preservation and development of a special cultural, historical and social identity of the inhabitants of polyethnic regions, is becoming especially relevant. Its tasks include support and protection of traditions, languages, creation of conditions for the development of ethnic cultures and education, help to small ethnic groups, as well as strengthening social stability and interethnic consent in regions. Regional identity politics is one of the key tools for maintaining cultural diversity and social harmony in polyethnic societies. A successful regional policy can contribute to the preservation of cultural diversity and strengthen national identity, which is an important factor in times of instability.
DEMARCATION OF MODERN GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES BY MEANS OF REGIONAL IDENTITY POLITICS
The article provides an analysis of the possibilities of regional identity politics in the current situation of geopolitical challenges and the deep uncertainty associated with them. The influence of changes in the essential characteristics of the world order on identification markers and identification positions in general is assessed. Particular emphasis is on the concept of "patriotism", patriotic attitudes and values, their semantic content. The data of empirical studies regarding the implementation, functioning and prospects of the regional identity politics, conducted in the Republic of Adygheya in 2021-22 are given. In this context, regional identity is also considered, the opinions of experts belonging to the political elite and the scientific community of the region are given. In this context, regional identity is also considered, the opinions of experts from among the political elite and the scientific community of the region are given. Special attention is paid to those expert positions that propose a strategyfor the development of regional identity policy, in which interaction with the regional scientific community should play an important role.
MIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF ADYGHEYA AS MARKERS OF REGIONAL IDENTITY POLICY
Migration issues are an urgent problem in the conditions of Russian reality. This is primarily due to the growth of natural population decline. In most of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which includes Adygheya, there is a systematic excess of the mortality rate over the birth rate, which acts towards reducing the number of its inhabitants. In this situation, the migration movement becomes the most important source of replenishing the natural decline, increasing the population and achieving sustainable development of the country and its regions. The article attempts to analyze the migration situation and current problems of migration processes in the region in the context of identity politics. The object of the study is the population of the Republic of Adygheya at the age of 18 years and older, permanently residing in the region and the subject of the study is modern migration processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze the migration processes of the population of the Republic of Adygheya and their role in maintaining the socio-demographic balance, as well as in the formation of a regional identity policy. The information base of the study is regulatory and legal documents and analytical materials and research on the regulation of migration processes in the Republic of Adygheya. The empirical basis of the study is the materials of the Federal State Statistics Service on the number, natural and migration movement of the population in the Republic of Adygheya. Based on the materials of state statistics, the article shows that the role of migration in the Republic of Adygea in maintaining the socio-demographic balance will only increase. The authors also note that the socio-demographic processes in the Republic of Adygheya show the full range of problems that have arisen and are arising. They require constant improvement of the quality of domestic policy, which, among other things, should be based on the precise definition of problems of concern to the ethnic group and requests for their solution. It is also obvious that migration flows require state regulation, because, in fact, they can lead to complications of the socio-political situation.
WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP OF KARACHAY-CIRCASSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
To overcome the uncertainty of the development of modern society in 2015, the UN member states formed the Concept of Sustainable Development, in which a significant block of issues is devoted to gender equality. In Russia, the issue of gender equality is also addressed at the state level, the country's leaders set the task of revaluing the unpaid domestic work of women, ensuring conditions for the real participation of women and developing their leadership at all levels of decision-making in the country, etc. Under conditions of market economy, reduction of the number of the able-bodied population, female activity is a significant factor in the economic development of the state. However, the development of gender equality in a number of Russian regions is limited by the peculiarities of traditional culture, values and stereotypes of thinking and behavior not only of men, but also of women themselves. In this regard, there is a need to transform the gender identity of women. Women of Karachay-Cherkessia define the family as the most significant value. Underpaid domestic work increases gender inequality. There is a need to promote new values that will contribute to the active participation of women in this region in various spheres of society.
DIGITAL HISTORY: ON THE PROBLEM OF TERMINOLOGY (BASED ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RUSSIAN RESEARCH PROJECTS)
The subject of this article is modern tendencies related to the development of historical science in the context of the “digital turn”. It considers the correlation of such concepts as “quantitative history”, “historical information science”, “digital history”, “public history”. The distinction is made among public scientific and educational projects and Internet resources focused on data digitization, 3D modeling. It is noted that digital history is an area of application of digital technologies focused on the creation of historical resources with subsequent digitization of materials in the funds of historical and cultural heritage objects. On the basis of comparative analysis of the digital turn in socio-humanitarian studies, the criteria differences between historical information science and digital public history are revealed.
It is concluded that the development of digital public history is not only a result of IT development, but also a response to the socio-cultural demands of people. Under conditions of real weak social interaction, public online and offline communication tools allow to overcome social atomization. They become the basis and the reason for integration and cooperation. At the same time, the practices of digital public history bring not only new opportunities, but also the dangers of deprofessionalization and pseudoscience.
VALUE ASPECT OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN
The article analyzes the possibility of using axiological issues in the study of modern educational systems. The philosophical and axiological foundations that determine the specifics of the development of the educational system of Uzbekistan are considered. A comparative analysis of the education systems of Russia and Uzbekistan has been carried out, taking into account the axiological and sociocultural components. The main problems of personnel potential reproduction, which the educational systems of both countries face, are identified and possible ways and means of their solution are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the epistemological concept of Al-Zarnuji, which formed the basis of the axiological content of the educational system of Uzbekistan. His time management system, as well as the concept of "teacher-student" convergent communication, increased the effectiveness of the educational process and, thus, made it possible to implement a student-centered approach in practice. Along with continuity in the national education system, there is a need to modernize the educational process in accordance with priority areas for improving spiritual and educational work.
EDUCATIONAL MIGRANTS IN THE HOST SOCIETY OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA (results of an empirical study)
The article presents the results of an empirical sociological research "A socio-cultural portrait and problems of adaptation of foreign students in the Republic of Adygheya", conducted among foreign students. Emphasis is made on the specifics of successful adaptation and integration of educational migrants into the host regional community in the context of modern challenges and risks for the system of higher education. The specifics of adaptation and integration of educational migrants into the Russian educational space through the detection of those problems that must be solved for successful involvement into sociocultural environment of both, the university and the region as a whole. Such aspects as the language barrier, mastering/changing habitual behavior and lifestyle, new natural and climatic conditions, conditions and systems of nutrition, lack of familiar products, the main difficulties of adaptation and support of the university, nationality and religion, leisure and work, are indicated. The prior importance of the organization of professional socialization of educational migrants, comprehension of the social significance of the chosen professional sphere, etc. is highlighted. Recommendations are made to solve the main problems of intercultural communication and feedback from various structures of the university for the successful adaptation/integration of foreign students.
IDENTITY POLICY IN THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXT
The article reveals the relevance of the study of identity politics. The characteristics of identity and identity politics at different stages of the development of science are considered. The author notes that the classical methodology sought to describe, explain and characterize the identification features of culture, ethnic mentality, traditions, customs, as well as national/interethnic relations. Non-classical science considered identification features as backbone formations; this contributed to the identification of the value resource of cultures and traditions, justification of the coexistence of different cultures and ethno-cultural identities. In modern science, the methodological situation and the nature of the object of knowledge have changed, which dictated the improvement of the interdisciplinary approach. The features of the interdisciplinary approach, which is a new methodology in the study of identity politics, are shown.
It is proved that modern identity politics is carried out in the conditions of turbulence, modern geopolitical challenges and socio-cultural risks. It seems that it should be aimed at: a) construction of a positive model of identity; b) combination of different types of identities: ethnic, regional and national-civil; correct correlation of flexible management with self-organization of the region/society. This will strengthen the unity of the Russian society. In the scientific study of the identified key issues, the management of the interdisciplinary approach seems promising; in politics it is the presence of a complex system / non-linear thinking.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRESTIGE OF BASHKIR AND TATAR ETHNOS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE BAIMAK DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN)
The article analyzes the results of the sociological study (interview) conducted in the Baymak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the study, the author proceedes from the thesis that indicators of the status of ethnic groups are such factors as representativeness in government, demographic characteristics, standard of living, etc. Accordingly, the variability of various heterostereotypes in the complex of ethnic stereotypes has a causal relationship both with the history of interethnic relations and with stable current manifestations in the field of ethnic contacts. Within the framework of the stated topic, the case of Tatar-Bashkir relations in their historical and modern dimensions, with appropriate emphasis on them in the course of the work, is the most relevant. The result of this study was to identify the impact of the mono-ethnic Bashkir environment on representatives of another ethnic group, on the possibility of changing ethnic identity to gain higher status positions (prestige) in society. The article studies the problems associated with ethnic stratification and ethnic differentiation in the multiethnic region, analyzes the processes affecting the status of an ethnic group, its prestige. The author comes to the conclusion that local societies are more conservative and various historical memes allow to preserve the memory of their people, passing it from generation to generation, thereby permitting them to reproduce and strengthen their ethnic identity. The historical cultural experience of the villagers formed special autostereotypes through which the Tatar ethnic identity was reproduced, while contributing to the strengthening of the socio-cultural status positions of this local society.
ReviewsBurykina L.V.REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH BY N.N. DENISOVA "CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CAUCASUS: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY". MAIKOP: POLYGRAPH-YUG. 2022. 280 PP.
The relevance of the monograph of the Candidate of Historical Sciences, Leading Researcher at the Department of Slavic-Adyghe Cultural Relations of the Adyghe Republican Institute for Humanitarian Research named after T.M. Kerashev, N.N. Denisova "Cultural Interrelations of the Peoples of the North-Western Caucasus: History and Chronology)" is beyond doubt due to the fact that the problems of interethnic interaction in the modern world are among the most actual and topical both in scientific research and in social and political life. The events and processes taking place today in Russia and abroad are a clear evidence of this. The North Caucasus is one of those Russian regions where interethnic relations have always been and are in the spotlight and are, in fact, the main indicator of the success of the policy pursued by the state, since, one way or another, they are projected onto all aspects of the life of society, giving it stability or, on the contrary, creating a situation that calls into question the full functioning of social systems.
REVIEW OF THE MONOGRAPH “THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS A CHALLENGE TO THE AUTHORITIES AND SOCIETY: A POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW: A MONOGRAPH / Z.A. ZHADE, N.A. ILYINOVA, I.V. KIREEVA, E.S. KUKVA, S.A. LYAUSHEVA, A.YU. SHADZHE; HEAD OF THE TEAM OF AUTHORS
The monograph under review is a collective work of highly qualified scientists of the Adyghe State University under the guidance of Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Z.A. Zhade. This is an in-depth study of the interaction between government and society during the pandemic, conducted over three years with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Expert Institute for Social Research. Comprehending the problematic field of the monographic study, the team of authors identified a super-relevant segment of scientific research related to the interaction between government and society in the process of studying the mechanisms for strengthening and technologies for increasing public confidence in government during the coronavirus period. The monograph expresses the consolidated point of view of scientists of the South of Russia in the study of the socio-political space of Russian regions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The undoubted advantage of scientific work is interdisciplinarity. The article states the fact of the creation in the Republic of Adygheya of a strong sociological and political science school presented by the Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor Z.A. Zhade, Doctors of Philosophical Sciences, Professors A.Yu. Shadzhe, S.A. Lyausheva and N.A. Ilyinova, Candidates of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professors E.S. Kukva and I.V. Kireeva, who are co-authors of the presented monograph. It is concluded that the monograph "The COVID-19 pandemic as a challenge to the authorities and society: a political and sociological view" will make a significant contribution to the development of science and society.
AnniversariesNekhay V.N., Shaov A.A.RASHID DUMALICHEVICH KHUNAGOV: A SCIENTIST, A HEAD AND A PEDAGOGUE
The article considers the main creative stages and managerial achievements of the Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor Rashid Dumalichevich Khunagov. It is noted that managerial qualities, professionalism and systematic vision of development problems, personal participation in the development and implementation of large-scale programs of the university space allowed him to expand the educational and research potential of the Adyghe State University (ASU) in 1996-2019. Particular attention is paid to the history of the formation of science at the university, creation and development of dissertation councils at ASU, building interregional educational and scientific relations with universities in the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasus. A brief review of the changes that have taken place at the ASU Research Institute for Complex Problems since 2019 is given. It is concluded that large-scale transformations at the university, initiated by R.D. Khunagov, had a significant impact on the adaptation of the university to modern educational requirements. The experience of a head, combined with the inquisitive nature of a scientist and the talent of a pedagogue, allowed Rashid Dumalichevich Khunagov to bring the development of ASU to a new height.
ReviewsChekalov P.K.A new word in the study of the Adyghe verse
ANNIVERSARY DATESBuchatskaya V.V., Buchatsky P.Yu., Shopin A.V., Teploukhov S.V.SIMANKOV VLADIMIR SERGEEVICH (on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of birth)
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