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The Bulletin of the Adyghe State University, the series “Region Studies: Philosophy, History, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Political Sciences and Culturology” |
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#3 / 2025HistoryIvan I. MARCHENKO, Denis E. YANAEVTHE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF EUROPEAN SCYTHIA IN THE VI–IV CENTURIES BC: THE PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION OF STATEHOOD AMONG THE SCYTHIANS IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Over the past 100 years, there has been a continuing debate in historical scholarship about the level of statehood among nomads. By the end of the XX century, four different perspectives on the socio-political structure of nomadic societies had emerged in both domestic and international scholarship: pre-class society, early state, various forms of feudalism, and a distinct nomadic or exopolitical mode of production. This debate has also been reflected in the Russian historiography of European Scythia. However, over the past decades of research, there has been no consensus or concept in the scientific community regarding the development of statehood among the European Scythians.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of the Scythians' political system during the VI–IV centuries BC and to determine the level of state development among them, using modern research in the field of political anthropology.
The article addresses a number of interrelated issues: it analyzes the historiographical literature on the interpretation of Scythian statehood; it examines archaeological data and information from ancient authors about Scythia; it attempts to reconstruct the socio-political system of European Scythia in the VI–IV centuries BC; and it identifies the main stages of the development of Scythian society from a complex chiefdom to an early state.
The study concluded on the level of development and evolution of the political organization of the European Scythians in the VI–IV centuries BC. Based on modern research in the field of political anthropology and extensive historiographical material on European Scythia, a chronology of the evolution of the political system of European Scythia in the VI–IV centuries BC was compiled.
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO COMMUNICATIONS IN KARACHAY AND CHERKESSIA (1920s - THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1930s)
The article highlights the initial stage of formation and development in the territory of Karachay and Cherkessia of the most modern means of communication for the period under review - radio communications. The main prerequisites for the development of the industry, its problems and achievements are noted. The paper defines the initial stage of the formation of radio communications in Karachay and Cherkessia, focuses on the rudimentary state of this sphere by the early 1920s, identifies the reasons for the growing demand for operational communications (especially telephone and radio communications) in the early 1930s, their conditionality by socio-economic, socio-political and natural factors. The article draws attention to the fact that the functioning of this type of communication required high-quality equipment, which was regularly subject to modernization. Shortcomings in the operation of radio communications in the regions under consideration in the 1920s and the first half of the 1930s are also noted, their causes and methods of overcoming them are identified. In conclusion, it is concluded that by the mid-1930s, radio communications in Karachay and Cherkessia had passed the stage of formation, and, despite the existing shortcomings, made it possible to ensure operational communication between settlements, various authorities and organizations.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE POSITION OF THE OKOCHANS IN THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE KIZLYAR COMMANDANTS OF THE XVIII CENTURY
An analysis of the content of business correspondence between a number of Kumyk owners and the commandants of Kizlyar allows us to shed some light on the nature of the relationship between representatives of the Tarkovsky dynasty and the Akkinsky (Aukhovsky) society. In particular, the Tarkovsky shamkhals have not yet managed to completely subjugate the Akkinsky society, which has retained internal self-government and protects its interests effectively enough. In addition, representatives of the Akkinsky (Aukhovsky) society, being subjects of the Moscow sovereigns, were administratively divided into two parts: the okochans of the Tersk city and the okochans of the Endirey domain. The former was led by the Kabardian prince Sunchaley Yanglychev from the family of the Cherkassky Princes, the latter was led by the Kumyk prince Sultan-Mahmud from the Tarkovsky Shamkhal family. Over time, the descendants of Sultan Mahmud were divided into several princely families that competed with each other. At the same time, it was through their mediation that all significant issues related to the "okochan" Akkinsky society were resolved. It is also possible to allow the formation of stable links (kunach, Atalych) between some owner and Akkin surnames. At the same time, there is a certain adaptation of the Akkin people (primarily those living in Kizlyar) in the economic space of the Russian Empire.
PORTS AND HARBORS OF THE NORTH CAUCASIAN COAST OF THE BLACK SEA IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19TH CENTURY, BASED ON THE WORK OF TETBOUT DE MARIGNY «JOURNEY TO CIRCASSIA»
The article is devoted to the study of the book by the Dutch consul in Odessa Tetbout de Marigny "Journey to Circassia". The presented material about the ports and harbors of the North Caucasian coast of the Black Sea, their economic and political potential and their influence on the region is compared with historical facts and realities of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. Based on the conducted research, the main directions of the content of de Marigny's work are established: description of the military and commercial equipment of the Black Sea ports and products manufactured in the region; analysis of imports and exports going through the ports, the network of trade routes in the region; display of the system of social ties, traditions and customs of the local population. The main conclusion is that the work of the Dutch diplomat occupies an important place among similar journalistic works and has historical significance, since during this period it became a significant contribution to the development of political and trade-economic relations between Circassia and other countries, and also practically contributed to ensuring the safety and stability of shipping and commercial transportation in the Black Sea.
SociologyAlexander A. ANDREEVSOCIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE CIVILIZATION PARADIGM
This article examines the civilizational approach as a key paradigm in sociology, offering an alternative to linear theories of social development. The author systematizes the fundamental tenets and key concepts of the civilizational approach in sociology. It examines the key ideas of the founders of the civilizational approach – N. Danilevsky, O. Spengler and A. Toynbee – who analyzed civilizations as separate, closed cultural worlds, multiple, unique organisms with their own life cycles, rather than steps in a single ladder of progress. It is noted that within the field of sociology, the civilizational approach to the analysis of society was laid out in the works of these thinkers. The legacy of M. Weber, E. Durkheim and T. Parsons is considered in the article as the sociological foundation of the civilizational approach. The article emphasizes that, unlike other theorists who viewed civilizations as separate and closed organisms, P. Sorokin rejects the term "civilization" as an object of study, instead proposing the concept of a sociocultural supersystem. According to the author, the current stage is characterized by a search for new paradigms, a key representative of which is S. Huntington, whose civilizational approach became one of the influential and controversial theories of the late ÕÕ century. The main focus is on the analysis of the ideas of S. Eisenstadt, whose civilizational approach represents a significant rethinking of classical theories of civilization. The sociologist views civilizations as dynamic, open systems whose internal structure is full of conflict, change, and variability. The author believes that S. Eisenstadt's civilizational approach allows us to overcome the "tradition/modernity" dichotomy. The author concludes that the main value and relevance of the civilizational approach lies in its ability to offer a multidimensional and pluralistic model for analyzing global social processes.
THE VALUE FOUNDATIONS OF THE MULTILEVEL IDENTITY OF THE YOUTH OF THE DONETSK AND LUGANSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLICS
The purpose of the study is to identify the value orientations of the multilevel identity of young people from new regions of the Russian Federation, to identify trends in social adaptation and related risks.
The methodological basis of the research is the work of Volkov Yu.G. in aspects of the study of civic identity, Gorshkov M.K. in aspects of the study of value orientations of youth. Based on a sociological survey presented in the works of E.V. Brodovskaya, the value orientations of young people from new subjects of the Russian Federation were identified, the results of young people and the older generation were analyzed, and possible risks were identified.
The study results in recommendations aimed at minimizing the risks of deviant behavior among young people.
The practical significance of the study lies in updating the risks presented, systematizing knowledge about the multilevel identity and value orientations of young people from new regions of the Russian Federation, as well as in the recommendations presented in the study.
The prospects of the research are to develop knowledge about the multilevel identity of youth and to introduce recommendations on the education of patriotism and the formation of an all-Russian civic identity of young people in educational organizations.
SOCIO-IDEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF RELIGIOUS-POLITICAL EXTREMISM IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)
In modern conditions, when the geopolitical situation is becoming increasingly unpredictable and issues of ensuring national security come to the fore, the religious aspect is of particular importance. The article, based on the results of a sociological study, examines the causes of the spread of radical religious views in the North Caucasus. The author believes that the fight against religious and political extremism is complicated by the fact that it is based on ideological, pseudo-religious beliefs and the political goals and attitudes they conceal. He notes that the problems of the region's socio-economic development also affect the formation of an individual's extremist consciousness, but nevertheless, it is precisely due to fanatical devotion to radical ideas, dogmas and attitudes that people of different social status join extremist religious movements. The religious context makes extremist ideology attractive, and actions that are covered by religious motives are more easily perceived on an emotional and psychological level. This makes it possible to justify any actions of its followers, even if they contradict the principles of the religion itself. In this regard, Russia’s geopolitical opponents may well resort to the help of such radical movements in order to destabilize society and undermine the stability of the state.
PROBLEMS OF SOCIALIZATION AND REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF INGUSHETIA
The problems of socialization and integration of children with disabilities (hereinafter referred to as HIA) into society are becoming most relevant in the context of an increase in the number of such children in the country's population structure and changes related to socio-political and technological spheres both in Russia and in the regions of the Russian Federation.
Practice shows that only the comprehensive implementation of medical, psychological, pedagogical, and professional measures aimed at restoring impaired bodily functions of children with disabilities is a prerequisite for their socialization and adaptation to normal life.
In the process of rehabilitation and socialization of children with disabilities, government and public structures should be involved to ensure the protection of their legal and social rights.
The existing programs and methods for providing social rehabilitation have only partially justified themselves, as a significant number of children from this category are not prepared for integration into society. Therefore, scientists' and teachers' desire to find new strategies for teaching and educating children with HIA has become relevant recently.
THE FUTURE OF MEDIATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A HYBRID MODEL OF «HUMAN + ARTIFICIAL INELLIGENCE»
The relevance of the work is due to the extensive introduction of artificial intelligence into Russian mentality and the possibility of improving government services' potential to resolve conflicts.
The purpose of the study is to examine the possibilities of mediation institute in the application of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and neural networks. To determine the possibility of integration into a unified system for resolving state conflicts through a unified public service portal. Generalization of experimental experiences with the introduction of artificial intelligence in conflict resolution abroad is also included.
The methodological basis of the research consists of the analysis of accumulated practical and statistical data on mediation and judicial conflict resolution using new technologies. It also includes the study of academic literature and conducting a sociological and legal analysis.
The results of the study describe the possibility of using modern technologies such as artificial intelligence and neural networks, which will allow updating the possibilities of mediation at the present stage. The established basis of public trust in public services makes it possible to introduce mediation procedures on a single portal of public services, making them confidential, transparent, and reliable. Artificial intelligence plays an important role in integrating legal structures and modern technologies, acting as an independent guarantor for a professional mediator's work.
In addition, the vector of state policy and statistics in the field of conflict resolution reflects the need to develop effective social technologies for the application of this institution in practice. First, it is necessary to determine what positive and negative aspects the introduction of artificial intelligence and modern technologies could bring to the work of professional mediators, and to study the issue of legal regulation of implementing the procedure using new approaches.
SOCIAL ADAPTATION OF STUDENT YOUTH IN THE DONETSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW TERRITORIALITY AND STATE-CIVIC INTEGRATION PROCESSES
The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the institutional and socio-economic conditions, factors, and barriers to the social adaptation of student youth in the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) under the new territorial context and the ongoing special military operation. The empirical basis of the study is represented by the results of expert interviews conducted in November-December 2024. The experts included rectors of leading universities and heads of educational management bodies in the Donetsk People's Republic (N=8). The main empirical indicators of the social adaptation of student youth in the DPR include subjective assessments of the availability of quality higher education, opportunities for self-realization, access to scholarships and benefits, satisfaction with living conditions, chances of employment in their field of study, availability and accessibility of educational programs, cultural and social youth projects and the degree of youth involvement in them, as well as the presence and nature of migration attitudes and the degree of internalization of traditional Russian values by the youth.
The results of the study demonstrated a relatively high level of adaptability among the student youth of the DPR to new conditions, which is linked to the establishment of institutional, economic, and socio-cultural conditions for the socialization and professional realization of youth within the region, as well as the internalization of Russian values and culture. However, the research materials also revealed barriers to social adaptation among students, primarily associated with the ongoing combat actions, destroyed social infrastructure, domestic instability, difficulties in transitioning to the Russian legal framework, and challenges in accessing modern information systems and digital technologies.
MANAGEMENT OF THE SOCIAL POTENTIAL OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: A RESOURCE APPROACH
The article investigates the problem of managing the social potential of local self-government (LSG) as a key resource for territorial development. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing challenges facing municipalities, including limited financial and economic resources, the complexity of social problems, and growing public demands for quality of life, which actualizes the search for internal development reserves. The aim of the work is to develop a conceptual model for managing the social potential of LSG based on the synthesis of the resource approach and social capital theory. The methodological basis of the research is a comprehensive analysis, including a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign LSG practices, a case study of specific municipalities, as well as a secondary analysis of sociological research data and municipal statistics. The results of the study demonstrate that the social potential of LSG is a multi-component system, including social capital (trust, cooperation networks, norms of reciprocity), human capital (competences and activity of citizens and managers), and civic activity. It is revealed that effective management of this potential allows overcoming resource constraints, improving the quality of municipal services, and strengthening the legitimacy of authorities. Based on the analysis, a structural-functional model for managing social potential is proposed, including diagnostic, project-motivational, and institutional blocks. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of tools for municipal managers to diagnose, activate, and use social potential to address local issues.
THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL FACTORS ON THE FORMATION OF TRUST IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA
The article explores the phenomenon of social trust in modern Russian society, focusing on the influence of cultural factors on its formation in various regions of the country. The author analyzes the specific features of Russia's sociocultural space, which is characterized by a contradictory interaction between collectivist and individualistic value systems, making it challenging for society to consolidate. The study aims to identify the mechanisms of trust formation in a multicultural society. It examines key cultural determinants of trust, including value systems, interethnic contacts, religious attitudes, and the activities of social institutions. Special attention is given to the regional characteristics of trust formation. Based on the analysis of statistical data and sociological research, the author demonstrates a significant differentiation in the level of trust in different regions of Russia. It has been revealed that cultural factors, such as ethnic homogeneity, religious identity, and the nature of intercultural interaction, significantly influence the formation of both interpersonal and institutional trust. The practical significance of the study lies in identifying mechanisms for strengthening trust through the development of intercultural dialogue and the creation of effective institutional conditions that contribute to reducing social anxiety and increasing the level of social cohesion.
ASSESSMENTS OF MIGRATION POLICY IN THE OPINIONS OF THE HOST REGIONAL COMMUNITY (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE ROSTOV REGION)
The purpose of the article is to identify the assessments of the regional community of the Rostov region in relation to the migration policy of Russia. The empirical basis of the study was a mass questionnaire survey conducted in 2024-2025 in the Rostov region based on a quota sample. It has been revealed that "relative" and "not absolute estimates" dominate among residents of the Rostov region regarding the effectiveness of Russia's migration policy, which implies the potential variability of such estimates. In general, there is a tendency to polarize opinions, with some bias towards negative performance assessments. Socio-demographic characteristics do not affect the generalized assessment of the effectiveness of migration policy as a whole. However, special features have been identified: among respondents who have only completed secondary education, the proportion of "unstable" grades is higher. Expressing their opinion on the reasons for the inefficiency of migration policy, residents of the region most often chose: corruption, business lobbying, lack of legislative initiatives. Thus, the respondents consider "shadow" factors to be the most important reasons. Socio-demographic characteristics in general do not have a significant impact on the responses. However, the peculiarities were revealed: the older the respondents, the less they chose lobbying and lack of legislative initiatives. In general, the state of opinion on migration policy is such that it is ready to accept changes in Russia's migration policy.
EXPERIENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL INTERVIEWING OF EXPERTS FROM EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ON SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS
The article analyzes the theoretical foundations related to the problem of suicide among adolescents, psychological and pedagogical literature concerning the peculiarities of the adolescence period, including the impact of pandemic self-isolation caused by the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19. The classification of the main motives of suicidal behavior, factors contributing to suicide among adolescents, and their reasons for such actions is studied. The results of a sociological study of suicidal behavior of adolescents based on an expert survey of six informants from secondary schools (Krasnodar, Maykop) are presented. The survey was conducted by interviewing, in the form of a face-to-face conversation according to a pre-prepared focused-standardized survey. The respondents' answers were recorded by audio with subsequent transcription, preserving the most accurate reference content of thought and meaning of the content, removing repetitions, errors, interjections and irrelevant elements of speech, with division into speakers for accurate transmission of dialogues in the recordings. Further, structuring the logical control and forming the text composition, expert surveys are interpreted in this article. Thanks to the survey of informants, various causes of suicidal behavior were identified, which include: intrafamily relations, conflicts in society, children's fascination with various subcultures that promote suicide, watching anime, various conflicts and mental disorders. In conclusion, the author of the article offers recommendations for the prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents to address this serious problem.
THE RESEARCH WORLD OF THE ETHNOGRAPHER: THE CONTEXT OF TRADITION AND MODERNITY
The current issues of traditional culture are analyzed through the prism of M.Y. Unarokova's creativity in the context of traditions and innovations. The socio-cultural space of the Adygs is characterized, the relevance of traditional culture is substantiated, and the value meaning of identification markers such as language, khabze and Adygage for the development of ethnic group and society are revealed. Having comprehended the results of sociological research in the Republic of Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic of Dagestan obtained by quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (expert survey) methods, the prognostic potential of traditions, the possibility of their harmonious coordination with innovation, as well as the use of the valuable socio-cultural resource of traditions in the development of an ethnic group are substantiated. The importance of the traditional values studied by Mira Unarokova in shaping the worldview of youth and the all-Russian civic identity in modern conditions, when there is a crisis of spirituality and identity in the Russian socio-cultural space, has been determined. It has been concluded that it is necessary and important to update the methods of studying traditions and innovations in the modern research field of interdisciplinarity, which will make it possible to critically rethink traditions and understanding of the meaning of dialectical relationship between traditions and innovations.
TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITALIZATION OF SOCIETY: INDIVIDUALIZATION AND DESTANDARDIZATION OF LABOR
The article is devoted to the analysis of the specifics and trends of employment transformation caused by the processes of digitalization of society. It is shown that the introduction of digital technologies in the economic sphere leads to the destruction of previous forms of labor organization, reducing their significance for humans. Collective and static forms of labor activity, characteristic of traditional and industrial types of societies, are replaced by individual and mobile forms. In the context of digitalization, such trends as individualization and destandardization of labor are intensifying. The article notes that the digital transformation of the economy contributes to serious changes in the social structure of society. A new class is emerging - the precariat, which is a consequence of the transitivity of society and the heterogeneity of the digital economy development. Precarization associated with the expansion of precarious employment forms is due to the problems of employee adaptation to changing working conditions. It is concluded that as a result of the introduction of digital technologies, the labor market is undergoing significant changes.
CIVIC VALUES IN THE MASS CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE YOUTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF ADYGHEA
The article analyzes the results of a mass survey conducted among young residents of the Republic of Adyghea (N = 500) on the issue of civic values in modern realities. Civic values are the basis of any civil society and state. Their formation and change are extremely important for understanding the processes of civic consolidation and solving urgent social problems. The results of the sociological research showed that the youth environment of the Republic of Adyghea retains the historically established attitude in Russian society towards the inextricable link between citizenship and patriotism, which is further strengthened in the context of a Special Military Operation. In this situation, there is a threat of displacement of the value of citizenship as such from the structure of civic and patriotic values, its semantic and total replacement by patriotic values. The military-mobilization orientation of the latter, justified in modern conditions, can become a serious barrier to the formation and realization of citizenship by young people in peacetime.
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