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The Bulletin of the Adyghe State University, the series “Region Studies: Philosophy, History, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Political Sciences and Culturology” |
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#2 / 2025HistoryAinyr R. ZHAMALUTDINOVSCIENTIFIC AND PUBLICIST ALTERNATIVES TO THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR IN HISTORIOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL DISCOURSE
The article summarizes the experience of identifying scientific and journalistic alternatives to the process of the collapse of the USSR. It is worth noting that, in relation to the period under study, theoretical and methodological discussions regarding the possibility and impossibility of searching for unrealized chances of preventing the disintegration of the state were considered, the works of various authors were examined, in which the attractor of movement along the path of preserving the state was identified. The author divided the body of literature studied into three large groups. The first group included modern scientific publications that examine alternatives to the disintegration of the USSR from a theoretical, methodological and practical point of view. It is noted that scientists often only indicate possible options for the development of events, extrapolation of alternatives, i.e. The direct stage of creating a counterfactual model is not carried out by researchers. I think this is due to the controversial use of the counterfactual modeling method in the scientific literature. The second group of works relates to publications in which the authors considered the disintegration alternative to the collapse of the USSR immediately before the implementation of perestroika transformations. In pre-perestroika conditions, when the idea of the stability of the Soviet system was dominant, isolated forecasts of the collapse of socialism and the USSR act as relevant material, because allow us to determine the theoretical foundations and methodology for analyzing partially fulfilled forecasts. The third group of works is the most widespread and destructive. These works are created mainly by publicists and authors of hit-and-miss novels. This last category of work is replete with unfounded counterfactual models. Moreover, the extension of the alternative in this case is unreasonable, fantasy and illusory. They do not take into account the criteria of reality, validity, and logic in the process of constructing counterfactual models.
INDIAN-PAKISTANI RELATIONS (1947-EARLY 21ST CENTURY)
Territorial disputes between states in the history of the development of the world community in all epochs have been quite common and commonplace. In recent history, especially in the countries of the East, their number has increased significantly, and this is absolutely natural. After all, it was in the second half of the twentieth century that the period of decolonization in the Afro-Asian region and the creation of sovereign states occurred. This fate did not escape the numerous ethnic and religious composition of the peoples of Hindustan. The difference in religious affiliation not only prevented the peoples of Hindustan from creating a single state, but also gave rise to a territorial problem between India and Pakistan for many years. The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of Indian-Pakistani relations since the formation of the two states in 1947 and up to the present, and first of all, to study the origin, stages of evolution and the current state of the Kashmir issue. The territorial problem between New Delhi and Islamabad was caused by the illegitimate actions of both India and Pakistan. There is no reason to believe that by adopting UN Security Council resolutions on the Kashmir issue, India will be able to force them to comply. The best option at the moment would be to "freeze" the Kashmir issue in India's relations with Pakistan. Moreover, the current generation of Pakistanis is not ready to resolve the Kashmir issue at any cost.
LIFE AND FATE OF THE FIRST CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION INSTITUTE’S DIRECTOR YAKOV NIKULIHIN
In the 1930s, the Voronezh Agricultural Institute faced a serious challenge. Large-scale political processes broke out within its walls. Many scientists became victims of unfounded accusations. The teaching staff was divided into groups fighting each other. The institute’s employees took part in politically motivated campaigns aimed against the personnel who stood at the origins of the formation of Soviet power. Several university directors also suffered a tragic fate. This article, based on archival documents and published sources, covers the life path of a talented scientist, the young director of the institute, Yakov Nikulikhin. The prominent economist was a representative of the generation of old Bolsheviks, an active participant in the October Revolution and the Civil War, an ideologist of the Bolshevik Party and a prolific publicist. Despite his status and the support of the leadership, he could not avoid being drawn into the political processes that broke out. Opponents accused the director of Trotskyism. The article pays special attention to the circumstances of the criminal case fabricated against the scientist. The author of the publication comes to the conclusion that the illegal removal of Yakov Nikulikhin from the post of director and the persecution of his supporters led to serious negative consequences for both the faculty and the party organization of the first university in the Central Black Earth Region of Russia.
HISTORY OF THE EXPROPRIATION OF CHURCH VALUES IN 1922
The purpose of the study is to show the course of expropriation of church valuables, carried out by the authorities under the auspices of aid to the starving Volga regions, both on a national scale and its specifics at the local level. In accordance with the stated goal, the study solves two main tasks: to reconstruct the course of events regarding decision-making at the level of the country's authorities and to highlight the real situation in the Oryol region.
The study constructs a chronology of events of the expropriation of church valuables in 1922, from the general plan and ideological preparation recorded in a number of adopted documents to the implementation of relevant practical measures and their accompanying consequences. The relevance of this study is due to the need for a systemic analysis of the process of expropriation. The work collects, introduces into scientific circulation and analyzes a set of archival materials that were contained separately in various written sources, the systematization of which has not been carried out previously. This is especially true for regional sources on the issue under study. It should be noted that archival documents on the region have not been preserved in full, which creates certain difficulties in conducting research.
ACTIVITIES OF THE PROSECUTION AUTHORITIES DURING THE PERIOD OF POST-WAR CONSTRUCTION
The article is devoted to the analysis of the post-war history of the Soviet prosecutor's office and the main directions of its activities in the period under study. The end of the Great Patriotic War and the beginning of peaceful construction outlined the priorities of the country's main supervisory authority. In addition to the tasks that the prosecutor's office faced during the most difficult period of Soviet history, the supervisory authority itself experienced serious problems related to the material base, the need to increase staff numbers, social security of employees, and so on. A significant place in this article is devoted to illustrative historical examples of the activities of the prosecutor's office in the Ural region, in particular in the Chelyabinsk region. This circumstance is partly due to a subjective factor, namely the author's regional affiliation and his interest in local historical studies of his homeland. However, this is not the only thing. The work of the supervisory authorities in the Southern Urals during the postwar period is an epochal picture, very characteristic of industrial regions that rapidly grew during the war and after the Great Patriotic War ended. However, the author has documentary material reflecting the state of affairs not only in one region but also on a nationwide scale. An analysis of archival sources shows that the Soviet prosecutor's office adequately coped with its professional task. The source base of the research consists of archival materials - the United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk region, the archive of the Prosecutor's Office of the Chelyabinsk region, the Archive of the Main Directorate of Internal Affairs in the Chelyabinsk region.
SociologySvetlana G. BOICHUK, Daria A. SIGIDA, Anastasia A. DERKACHMONITORING AS A TYPE OF SOCIAL FORECASTING IN A COMPANY
This article is devoted to the analysis and research of monitoring as one of the main components of the company's social forecasting. Currently, in the context of rapidly growing competition and a rapidly changing market, almost all enterprises are beginning to face the need to make more reasonable and rational decisions based on the data obtained by the company. Monitoring as a form of social forecasting affects many aspects, from changes in consumer demand to the internal climate of the company's staff. This makes it possible to make faster and fairer management decisions.
Through monitoring, social forecasting can include various functions, collection, processing and interpretation of the information received. All this together makes it possible to predict changes in consumer preferences, the level of competitiveness, the efficiency of business processes, and much more.
It should also be noted that this approach not only contributes to the growth of the company's economic benefits, but also contributes to the improvement of organizational culture by taking into account the opinions and needs of employees. For a more effective study of a number of social processes that can be used to predict changes, monitoring and analysis systems are used, but they are only one of the tools to achieve this goal.
This article discusses the main methods and tools of monitoring, their role in collecting and analyzing information necessary for making managerial decisions. Much attention is paid to the use of big data technologies and analytical platforms that make it possible to process the data more efficiently and identify certain patterns in them.
The introduction of a monitoring system in a company not only increases its competitiveness, but also improves its ability to adapt to various fluctuations in the external and internal environment. This is undoubtedly one of the main conditions for the company's sustainable development.
THE ROLE OF AI AGENTS IN COUNTERING MODERN INFORMATION WARS
This article examines the role of AI agents as full-fledged «actors» in contemporary information warfare from the standpoint of actor-network theory and the social constructivist approach. The analysis employs qualitative methods-specifically, semi-structured interviews with algorithm developers, information security specialists, and moderators of online communities. The findings and arguments presented in this article are grounded in the conceptual foundations of actor-network theory, as articulated in the seminal works of Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, and John Law, as well as in the principles of the social constructivist paradigm in the sociology of science and technology. These are further supported by the author’s own empirical research. From these perspectives, AI agents (algorithmic systems) are viewed not as passive tools but rather as fully-fledged «actors» capable of shaping and reorganizing social practices in the context of information confrontation. The findings indicate that AI agents are not neutral tools but act as connective elements in heterogeneous networks, shaping and reshaping social relationships and the logic of content management within the context of modern information warfare. These algorithms assume part of the managerial functions by performing the “translation” of various actors’ interests, yet they remain dependent on human input, as final decisions often require manual adjustments. Several key issues have been identified. First, the opacity of AI-driven decisions complicates understanding the rationale behind content blocking and leads to user mistrust of moderation processes. Second, algorithms trained on historical data may reproduce existing social biases. Third, the ongoing confrontation between developers and malicious actors necessitates continuous updates to models, emphasizing the importance of a hybrid human–machine strategy for countering information threats.
PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY AND PROFESSIONAL CULTURE OF YOUTH IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MODERN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
The article examines the problems of the relationship between professional identity, professional culture and the beginning of the youth's career path. Professional identity is analyzed through the prism of D. Superer's theory of career development, John Holland's theory of career choice, and Albert Bandura's socio-cognitive theory of personality. It is shown that the core of professional culture consists of norms, values, knowledge and symbols that are formed and modified under the influence of social, cultural, economic and political contexts. The educational and career paths of Russian youth are presented as the results of a secondary empirical analysis. It is shown that the educational system must be adaptive in order to meet the current requirements of the labor market. In this regard, the educational system needs to move from static accumulation of knowledge to the development of dynamic skills and the concept of continuous learning. The problem of the discrepancy between higher education and actual employment among Russian youth is systemic and multifaceted. A significant proportion of university and college graduates do not work in their field, due to a combination of economic, personal and systemic factors. A number of recommendations were outlined at different levels on this issue.
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS AND PROBLEMS OF CONVENTIONALITY OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT
In modern society, the issue of fairness and legality of criminal punishment is one of the most discussed and important. Criminal punishment is a measure of state coercion, which is applied to persons who have committed crimes, for the purpose of punishment and protection of society from criminal encroachments. In this regard, the problem of strengthening the requirements of fairness and legality of the conventionality of criminal punishment is extremely relevant and important.
In order to ensure justice and the rule of law in society, it is necessary to strive to improve the level of transparency and openness in the work of courts and the prosecutor's office in various countries. This can be achieved through the development of socio-economic conditions, the presence of a strong political culture, the development of information technology and public pressure on the authorities.
Modern trends and problems of the conventionality of criminal punishment require serious attention from governments, public organizations and the scientific community. In order to ensure justice and legality of criminal punishment, it is necessary to develop criminal legislation, ensure the uniform application of the criminal law, improve the effectiveness of criminal punishment in the rehabilitation and resocialization of the guilty, and ensure transparency and openness in the work of courts and the prosecutor's office. Only in this case can we say that criminal punishment complies with the principle of conventionality and contributes to the protection of society from criminal encroachments.
DECLARATIVE SECURITY OF PASSENGERS' PERSONAL BELONGINGS ON RUSSIAN RAILWAYS TRAINS: SYSTEMIC FAILURES AND CRISIS OF TRUST
The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of ensuring the safety of passengers' personal belongings on railway transport. Based on the analysis of a specific case and a typical situation, systemic deficiencies were identified, including disjointed service regulations, legal barriers blocking access to video recordings, physical unavailability of key individuals, and lack of tools for active response. The study shows that the declared level of security does not meet passengers' expectations and practical possibilities for resolving incidents "on the spot". Moreover, legislative restrictions and lack of coordinated regulations make rapid response impossible and naturally lead to total distrust from passengers and create a sense of victimization among those affected. [1, 2, 3, 4] when the system emphasizes their "fault" for not being vigilant enough rather than providing effective assistance.
The purpose of the article is to identify systemic problems in ensuring the safety of passengers' belongings, based on an analysis of real and confirmed incidents on Russian Railways trains. The main research question is how effective the existing procedures are for the interaction between services on a train to promptly resolve situations involving missing items in hot pursuit, given current legal and other restrictions.
The key conclusions and recommendations for integrating regulations and improving system efficiency are formulated, some of which require legislative change.
FORMATION OF PATRIOTISM IN MODERN RUSSIAN MULTIETHNIC SOCIETY: MAIN FACTORS AND FEATURES
One of the most important problems of modern Russian society in the context of events related to the Special Military Operation and the unfolding hybrid confrontation with the so-called "collective West" is undoubtedly the formation of patriotism, which can not only interest society in learning about Russian culture and history, but also unite people in serving their Homeland and protecting it. In this regard, the article examines the main factors influencing the formation and manifestation of patriotism. Due to the peculiarities of the emergence and development of Russo-Russian statehood as a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional, ethnic and religious factors can be attributed to these factors. At the same time, these factors can have both a strong unifying, positive potential and a destructive role in modern society. In order to overcome the double connotations and rely on the positive aspects of the factors under consideration, it is proposed to use the concept of civic patriotism in its Russian version, which has certain features related to cultural, historical, and civilizational aspects of life of Rus-Russia. Without pretending to be complete and unambiguous in the proposed features, the authors propose considering statism, demand for service to the Fatherland "up to self-sacrifice", as well as the need to rely on traditional values and historical memory.
SOCIOLOGICAL REFLECTION OF CONCEPT OF PATRIOTISM IN POLITICAL INFORMATION SPACE OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA
In modern Russian society, there are various models of understanding patriotism that can acquire negative distortions in the Internet space. One of the channels of representation of the state narrative of patriotism is the channels of official government resources in social Internet networks. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to identify the meanings that are translated into the political Internet communication of the macroregion when patriotism is mentioned. As part of the study, using Python programming language tools, 10,835 freely available posts were parsed from official government resources of the South of Russia on the VKontakte social network, on the basis of which an association analysis and latent semantic analysis were carried out. Also, using the RuBERT model, a tonality analysis was carried out, which allowed us to identify content with the most positive images of patriotism in the public posts of heads of regions in Southern Russia. As a result, the "military" group prototype of the patriot and the dominant patriotic narrative in the political information space of Southern Russia were identified. In many ways, this image of a patriot is explained by the frontier territorial affiliation of the macroregion: in particular, its proximity to local military conflicts. In addition, it is noted that there are images of patriots associated with Cossacks and the citizenship of youth.
STUDY OF PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL QUALITIES OF A SPORTS MANAGER
The results of an empirical study on the personal and professional characteristics of a sports manager are presented. The study included 52 respondents, employees of sports schools and clubs in Krasnodar and the Krasnodar region, aged 21 to 60 years, with work experience in the sports industry ranging from 3 to 27 years. Methods for assessing the manifestation of professional and personal characteristics of managers are proposed. Based on the statistical processing of the information obtained using the modified I. A. Zimnaya methodology, the influence of professional experience on the level of formation of professional and personal qualities in athletes was determined. Analysis of research results revealed that sports managers have the most developed gnostic, organizational, and communicative qualities; the collective and business personality orientation prevail; and professional qualities are dominant compared to personal ones. The results of the author's research can serve as a basis for developing an effective model of system-forming parameters of sports managers' personality, as well as a scientific and informative basis for designing training programs for sports managers in universities and advanced training courses in the context of modern market realities.
STUDY OF THE MICROCLIMATE OF THE CITY IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE COMFORT FOR THE POPULATION
Modern cities face serious environmental challenges: an increase in building density, an increase in the number of cars and a reduction in green areas lead to a change in the microclimate. This directly affects the quality of life of the population. Studies of the microclimate of the urban environment are necessary to understand how comfortable is it to live in such conditions and what measures will help improve the situation? Traditional meteorological data does not always reflect the real feelings of people on the streets, so it is important to analyze not only temperature and humidity, but also bioclimatic indices that take into account the influence of wind, solar radiation and other factors on the human body.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the microclimatic conditions of the city, to determine the main components of the geo–ecological comfort of the urban environment: using the example of the city of Maykop.
The study uses field measurement data, modern methods based on the normalization of microclimatic conditions in urban areas, and data on the assessment of the urban environment quality index.
The results obtained will help to propose practical solutions for urban planning, such as optimizing landscaping, creating wind corridors and reducing the "heat island" effect.
The relevance of the topic is related not only to the geo-ecological comfort of the urban environment, but also to public health, the economy and sustainable urban development. The more accurately we understand microclimatic processes, the more effectively we can adapt the urban environment to climate change and improve the quality of life of the population. The materials of this article can contribute to the scientific discussion and offer practical solutions for sustainable urban development, using the example of the city of Maykop.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STATE POLICY IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PROVISION
The article presents relevant issues of the legislative framework development in ensuring the rights of students with a physical condition. Within developing the regulatory framework government defines the main directions of state policy in the development of inclusive education. The importance of such changes is fueled to the significant number of people with disabilities and health limitations, who needs education. As being a country that ensures the inclusion of children with disabilities in the modern educational system, Russia takes various measures to improve legislation by giving a possibility for full integration into society. There are identified the main problems attending the implementation of the government policy in ensuring inclusive education. The main international regulations documents of educational inclusion development are presented. The fundamental documents regulating inclusion are the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Salamanca Declaration and the Guiding Principles of UNESCO's Policy in the field of Inclusive education. The implementation of international obligations basis for the development of education policy in the Russian Federation. The regulatory legal acts introduced in the Russian Federation are listed in sequential order. The key documents on the implementation of inclusive education in the Russian Federation include the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" and the state program "Accessible Environment". The author provides a non-exhaustive list of documents. The analysis of the legislative framework implementing demonstrates an integrated approach to solving the issue of education of children with disabilities and health limitations. Through the efforts of all interested groups, it is possible to solve the issues of educational inclusion and further integration of children with disabilities into society.
URBAN ENVIRONMENT AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS OF MAYKOP AND KRASNODAR)
Based on the conducted sociological research, the article examines the peculiarities of the perception of quality of life in urban environments in the microdistricts of Maykop and Krasnodar cities. Socio-ecological, spatial and leisure-recreation parameters of the attractiveness of these locations for living were identified. An empirical assessment of quality of living in urban environments is based on identification of environmental factors (location, availability of recreational areas); the infrastructural and logistical advantages and disadvantages of the microdistricts (the quality of public services, remoteness from socially significant facilities and intensity of public transport, etc.), as well as the inclusion of the considered locations in the overall concept of urban space development. The results of the study demonstrate a high level of public satisfaction with quality of life in the selected microdistricts in a number of indicators, among which are the quality of infrastructure and communal living conditions, safety, and environmental conditions. A positive effect of the development and implementation of a number of national projects (Housing and Comfortable Environment, Safe and High–Quality Roads) implemented in 2019-2024 in the development of urban space and the creation of a favorable comfortable living environment in Maykop and Krasnodar is noted.
HIGHER EDUCATION AS A SOCIAL LIFT (IN THE MIRROR OF PUBLIC OPINION)
The main purpose of the article is to study the perception of higher education in Russia as a tool for vertical social mobility. In the current conditions of the crisis of globalization and Russia's withdrawal from the Bologna process, and cardinal reforms of the education system, attitudes towards Russian higher education are beginning to change significantly. The conducted research allows us to answer the following basic questions: 1) does higher education promote upward mobility for individuals from different layers of Russian society; and 2) how does Russian society evaluate higher education and its importance and actual role. Special attention is paid to the problem of accessibility to higher education. Concepts of social stratification and social mobility have been used as methodological foundations. The empirical basis of the study was composed of secondary data from a monitoring survey on higher education of the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion, as well as official statistics. As a result, the authors concluded that there is an ambivalent attitude towards higher education in Russian society: on the one hand, there is a traditional view of higher education as an important tool for career advancement and success, while on the other the country's population recognizes alternative ways of achieving a higher social status and believe that the importance of education is overstated. Despite the fact that higher education continues to be perceived as one of the factors contributing to social mobility, its role as a guaranteed social elevator is questioned by a significant part of the population.
RATIONALITY OF JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE NORMATIVITY OF CONVICTS' SOCIAL ACTIONS AS A RISK FACTOR
The first part of the article is devoted to delinquent behavior, its main forms, causes, and key factors contributing to its emergence among young people. In particular, Robert Agnew's theory of deformation, which explains the tendency towards delinquency through the prism of stress, negative emotions, and limited opportunities for achieving socially acceptable goals, is considered as the theoretical basis. The second part presents the results of an empirical study conducted by means of anonymous questioning among young people serving prison sentences in correctional facilities in the Krasnodar Region. The focus is on analyzing their ideas about the acceptability (unacceptability) of various forms of delinquent behavior. The data obtained allows for a deeper understanding of the criminal subculture, including the convicts' attitudes towards social norms and law. The results of the study indicate a low level of legal literacy among respondents, a tendency to justify illegal actions, and signs of legal nihilism. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that it is necessary to improve preventive measures and resocialization programs aimed at shaping law-abiding behavior among young people.
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